School of Stocks
Home : Introduction to stock markets

Financial Ratios & Analysis

Introduction & importance of financial ratios in understanding the health of companies.

Gopal Kavalireddi
1 minutes read
comment
Comments
Users learning chapter

 

As discussed in the financial statements section, mathematical computations of the various items give rise to different types of ratios and they are collectively termed as Financial Ratios. These interactions between the three financial statements aid the investors, creditors, as well as the management of the company in understanding the current efficiency and performance while indicating the areas of improvement.

Ratios help measure the relative performance of different financial measures that characterize the firm’s financial health. Using the P&L statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow statement, investors can analyze the various type of ratios which measure the profitability, performance, management efficiency, liquidity, solvency, leverage, valuation, and many other parameters. This is termed as financial analysis.

The aim of financial analysis is to provide sufficient information about a company’s health and performance based on the various financial parameters, which in turn support the investing process.  

Investors are suggested to consider the average of all balance sheet items during the calculations of any ratio involving an income statement and a balance sheet. This is to ensure that the balance sheet items are reflective of the activity during the various time periods of the year, similar to items reflected in the profit and loss statement.  In the following section, the calculation and importance of various types of ratios are discussed in detail for easy understanding and usage.

 

Next Chapter

Profitability Ratios

It discusses the basics of Profitability Ratios before diving into each of them in further detail.

Profitability Margin Ratios

7 Lessons

This chapter explains the different profitability terms & ratios in fundamental analysis of stocks. Learn the meaning of the most important profit margin ratios.

Comments & Discussions in

FYERS Community Learn More...

Responses

Rhea Khanna commented on April 26th, 2019 at 10:15 AM  
Is doing a financial analysis of the ratios a necessity before investing with the company or is going through the financial statements sufficient?


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:19 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:19 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


-1 OR 2+637-637-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


-1 OR 2+535-535-1=0+0+0+1 commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


-1' OR 2+706-706-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


-1' OR 2+724-724-1=0+0+0+1 or 'zvEyTpgw'=' commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:20 PM  
555


-1" OR 2+162-162-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0) commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


0'XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


0"XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/ commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' -- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


GIrTY9LN'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' -- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


Y5rCTOAy' OR 296=(SELECT 296 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


yhoBoEpg') OR 543=(SELECT 543 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


9k4dxFlX')) OR 624=(SELECT 624 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:21 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||' commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
555


1'" commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
555


@@kJEl5 commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
-1 OR 2+476-476-1=0+0+0+1 --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
-1 OR 2+904-904-1=0+0+0+1


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
-1' OR 2+122-122-1=0+0+0+1 --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
-1' OR 2+812-812-1=0+0+0+1 or 'n7zIPwaW'='


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
-1" OR 2+688-688-1=0+0+0+1 --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0)


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
0'XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
0"XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:22 PM  
(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
-1; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
-1); waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
drsOHvs2'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
-5 OR 980=(SELECT 980 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
-5) OR 276=(SELECT 276 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:23 PM  
-1)) OR 481=(SELECT 481 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
MUVnpzNy' OR 636=(SELECT 636 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
2YvS3kun') OR 314=(SELECT 314 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
6l5g7vvX')) OR 913=(SELECT 913 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555*DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(99)||CHR(99)||CHR(99),15)


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||'


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
1'"


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
@@Hf871


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:24 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:25 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:26 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:27 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:28 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:29 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:31 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:31 PM  
555


wUmrLVWz commented on March 30th, 2022 at 6:34 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:18 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:25 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:26 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


-1 OR 2+87-87-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


-1 OR 2+319-319-1=0+0+0+1 commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


-1' OR 2+380-380-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


-1' OR 2+573-573-1=0+0+0+1 or 'GhEOVuCZ'=' commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


-1" OR 2+131-131-1=0+0+0+1 -- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:33 PM  
555


if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0) commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:34 PM  
555


0'XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:35 PM  
555


0"XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:35 PM  
555


(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/ commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:36 PM  
555


1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' -- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:37 PM  
555


Qmt4tLRW'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' -- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:37 PM  
555


t9U2AaLM' OR 38=(SELECT 38 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:38 PM  
555


YWIkMmZa') OR 239=(SELECT 239 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:39 PM  
555


PdqlMnCK')) OR 221=(SELECT 221 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))-- commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:39 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||' commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:40 PM  
555


1'" commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:40 PM  
555


@@rwWDx commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:40 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:41 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
-1 OR 2+273-273-1=0+0+0+1 --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
-1 OR 2+460-460-1=0+0+0+1


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
-1' OR 2+631-631-1=0+0+0+1 --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
-1' OR 2+449-449-1=0+0+0+1 or 'oBtYcdPw'='


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
-1" OR 2+710-710-1=0+0+0+1 --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:42 PM  
if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0)


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:43 PM  
0'XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:44 PM  
0"XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:44 PM  
(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:45 PM  
-1; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:46 PM  
-1); waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:46 PM  
1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:47 PM  
P8eVIGPC'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:48 PM  
-5 OR 586=(SELECT 586 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:49 PM  
-5) OR 729=(SELECT 729 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:49 PM  
-1)) OR 916=(SELECT 916 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:50 PM  
XploFPVI' OR 394=(SELECT 394 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:50 PM  
Ghqz0E1k') OR 199=(SELECT 199 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:51 PM  
nW0cjRPq')) OR 317=(SELECT 317 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:52 PM  
555*DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(99)||CHR(99)||CHR(99),15)


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:52 PM  
555'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||'


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:53 PM  
1'"


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:53 PM  
@@QV72o


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:53 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:54 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:55 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:55 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:56 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:57 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:58 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:58 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 7:59 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:00 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:00 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:01 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:01 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:01 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:01 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:02 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:02 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:02 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:03 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:03 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:03 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:03 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:03 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:04 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:05 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:06 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:06 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:07 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:08 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:09 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:09 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:10 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:10 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:10 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:10 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:11 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:12 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:20 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:21 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 8:34 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 10:08 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 10:09 PM  
555


wrBEIRqX commented on November 9th, 2023 at 10:10 PM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 1:49 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:04 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:04 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:05 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:06 AM  
555


1'" commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:07 AM  
555


@@1r1AS commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:07 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:07 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:07 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:09 AM  
1'"


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:09 AM  
@@fSrNz


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:09 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:09 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:10 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:10 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:10 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:11 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:11 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:12 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:12 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:12 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:12 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:12 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:14 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:14 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:15 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:48 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on November 13th, 2023 at 2:49 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:05 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:09 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:10 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:14 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:15 AM  
555


1'" commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:18 AM  
555


@@9uiLX commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:18 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:19 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:20 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 AM  
1'"


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 AM  
@@g9VP1


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:26 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:29 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:31 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:34 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:34 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:34 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:35 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:36 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:40 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:41 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:46 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:54 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:54 AM  
555


zbdrariI commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:55 AM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 9:55 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:03 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:03 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:08 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:09 PM  
555


1'" commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:13 PM  
555


@@jp00Y commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:13 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:13 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:14 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:20 PM  
1'"


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:20 PM  
@@PqlPG


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:20 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:21 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:25 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:26 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:26 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:30 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:31 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:31 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:35 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:35 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 10:41 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:22 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:24 PM  
555


WkYxnTGh commented on December 2nd, 2023 at 11:25 PM  
555


introduction-to-stock-markets